L'éducation pour la santé au prisme de la santé communautaire
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Cet article explore les relations entre l’éducation pour la santé et la promotion de la santé, en examinant leurs convergences et divergences à travers leurs contextes d’émergence, fondements conceptuels, approches et principes d’action. Une réflexion critique est ensuite menée autour de deux enjeux. Le premier, épistémologique, interroge la légitimité des savoirs devenant des contenus éducatifs, illustré par un exemple lié à la promotion du vieillissement en santé. Le second, éthique, examine la notion d’équité en santé. Cette réflexion montre que la santé communautaire offre des repères épistémologiques et éthiques pertinents pour réhabiliter les approches éducatives en promotion de la santé. En adoptant une vision centrée sur les déterminants sociaux, la participation active et l’équité, elle répond aux critiques souvent adressées à l’éducation pour la santé : son manque d’efficacité, sa tendance à culpabiliser les populations et sa faible prise en compte des enjeux d’équité. Enfin, la santé communautaire propose des pistes pour opérationnaliser l’universalisme proportionné en mobilisant le concept de littératie dans les interventions éducatives, afin de mieux cibler les inégalités sociales de santé.
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