Vanished History: Current Representations of Indigenous People history in the Ontario Social Studies Curriculum (Grades 9-12)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18192/jpds-sjpd.v1i0.2171Abstract
This paper is a document analysis of the Ontario secondary Social Studies curriculum, specifically of the ways it represents history of Indigenous People. Findings revealed omissions in representation and the limited perspective on the historical and current events concerning the Indigenous population. Applying the framework of anti-racist pedagogy and Culturally Responsive Teaching practices, author suggests that thorough representation of indigenous history in the curriculum plays an integral role in the anti-racist education and proposes ways to overcome curriculum limitations.
References
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Assembly of First Nations. (1988). Tradition and Education: Towards a Vision of Our Future. Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations.
Auditor General. (2000). Report of the Auditor General to the House of Commons. Chapter 4: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada – Elementary and Secondary Education. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
Barman, J., Hebert, Y, & McCaskill, D. (1986). The Legacy of the Past: An Overview. In J.Barman, Y.Hebert & D.McCaskill (Eds.). Indian Education in Canada: Volume 1: The Legacy. (Pp.1-22) Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Battiste, M. (1998). Enabling the Autumn Seed: Toward a decolonized approach to aboriginal knowledge, language, and education. Canadian Journal of Native Education 22(1), 16-27.
Battiste, M. (2004). Animating Sites of Postcolonial Education: Indigenous Knowledge and the Humanities. Plenary Address at annual conference of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, May 29. Retrieved 20 March, 2016 from http://www.usask.ca/education/people/battistem/ pdf/csse_battiste.pdf
Battiste, M. (2005). State of Aboriginal Learning. Saskatoon: Canadian Council on Learning.
Battiste, M. (2008). Animating Indigenous Knowledge in Education: From Resilience to Renaissance. Presentation at World Indigenous Peoples’ Conference on Education, Melbourne, Australia, December 7-11. Retrieved from http://www.usask.ca/education/people/battistem/WIPCE-2008-Keynote.pdf
Battiste, M. (2013). Decolonizing education: Nourishing the learning spirit. Saskatoon: Purich.
Battiste, M., & Barman, J. (1995). First Nations Education in Canada: The Circle Unfolds. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Blakeney, A. (2005). Antiracist pedagogy: definition, theory, and professional development. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy. 2(1), 119-132.
Canada. (2002). Our Children: Keepers of the Sacred Knowledge – Final Report of the Minister’s National Working Group on Education. Ottawa: Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs.
Carr-Stewart, S. (2001). A Treaty Right to Education. Canadian Journal of Education 26(2), 125-143. Retrieved 30 December 2017 from http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/education/8._2001_carr-stewart_treaty_right_to_education.pdf
Castagno, A., & Brayboy, B. (2008). Culturally responsive schooling for indigenous youth: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 941-993.
Corbiere, A. (2000). Reconciling Epistemological Orientations: Toward a Wholistic Nishaabe (Ojibwe/Odawa/Potowantomi) Education. Canadian Journal of Native Education. 24(2), 113-119.
Daschuk, J. (2013). Clearing the plains: Disease, politics of starvation and the loss of Aboriginal life. Regina: University of Regina Press.
Dei, G. (2013). Critical perspectives on indigenous research. Social Studies. 9(1), 27-38.
Doige, L. (1997). A Missing Link: Between Traditional Aboriginal Education and the Western System of Education. Canadian Journal of Native Education. 27(2), 144-160.
Donald, D. (2009). Forts, curriculum, and Indigenous Métissage: Imagining decolonization of Aboriginal-Canadian relations in educational contexts. First Nations Perspectives, 2(1), 1-24.
Faries, E., & Pashagumskum, S. (2002). A History of Quebec and Canada. Iqaluit, Nunavut: Nortext Publishing.
Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106-116.
Hampton, E. (1995). Towards a Redefinition of Indian Education. In M.Battiste & J.Barman (Eds.). First Nations Education in Canada: The Circle Unfolds. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Indigenous and Northern Affairs of Canada. (1998). Address by the Honourable Jane Stewart Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development on the occasion of the unveiling of Gathering strength – Canada`s Aboriginal Action Plan. Ottawa, Ontario. Retrieved 20 December 2016 from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015725/1100100015726
Laenui, P. (2000). Processes of Decolonization. In Battiste,
M. (Ed.). Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision, 150-160. Vancouver: UBC Press.
LeBlanc, D. (2012). Envisioning a Contemporary Indigenous Curriculum in Ontario. Public Policy & Governance Review. 3(1), 47-67. Retrieved 17 February, 2016 from https://ppgr.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/ppgr-full-text-vol3iss12.pdf
Library and Archives Canada. (2008). Introduction: The League of Indians of Canada. Retrieved 24 March, 2016 from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/008/001/008001-5000-e.php?&e=1&brws=1&st=Aboriginal%20Documentary%20Heritage:%20Historical%20Collections%20of%20the%20Canadian%20Government&ts_nbr=1&.
Longboat, D. (1987). First Nations Control of Education: The Path to our Survival as Nations. In J. Barman, Y. Hebert, & D. McCaskill (Eds.). Indian Education in Canada: Volume 2: The Challenge, 22-42. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Maina, F. (1997). Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: First Nations education in Canada. Canadian Journal of Native Education. 27(2), 293-314.
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. (1997). Gathering Strength: Canada’s Aboriginal Action Plan. Retrieved 21 March, 2016 from www.ahf.ca/downloads/gathering-strength.pdf
Office of the Premier. (2016). Ontario Implementing New Indigenous Training and Education Requirements. News release, Feb. 17, 2016. Retrieved 22 March, 2016 from https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2016/02/ontario-implementing-new-indigenous-training-and-education-requirements.html
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1975). People of Native Ancestry: A Resource Guide for the Primary and Junior Divisions. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1981). People of Native Ancestry: Curriculum Guideline for the Senior Division. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1991). Native Studies: Curriculum Guideline for the Intermediate Division. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1991). The Ontario Curriculum Grades 9 and 10: Native Studies. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2000). The Ontario Curriculum Grades 11 and 12: Native Studies. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2013). Culturally Responsible Pedagogy (Capacity Building Series, Secretariat Special Edition #35). Retrieved from https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/literacynumeracy/inspire/research/CBS_ResponsivePedagogy.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2013). The Ontario curriculum grades 9 and 10: Canadian and World Studies.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2015). The Ontario curriculum grades 11 and 12: Canadian and World Studies.
Part, B. (2008). Developing a Culturally Responsive School Division. Final Report. Retrieved from http://schools.spsd.sk.ca/cgtrenewal/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Developing-a-Culturally-Responsive-School-Division-final-report.doc.
Persson, D. (1986). The Changing Experience of Indian Residential Schooling: Blue Quills, 1931-1970. In J. Barman, Y. Hebert, & D. McCaskill (Eds.). Indian education in Canada: Volume 1: The Legacy. (Pp.150-168). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Pitt, A., & Britzman, D. (2003). Speculations on qualities of difficult knowledge in teaching and learning: An experiment in psychoanalytic research. Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(6), 755–776.
Porter, J. (2015). Sterilization of indigenous women an act of genocide, new book says. CBC News. Retrieved 12 March 2016 from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/sterilization-of-indigenous-women-an-act-of-genocide-new-book-says-1.3205816
Robertson, H. (2003). In Canada: Decolonizing schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 84(7), p.552.
Saskatchewan Ministry of Education. (2009). Treaty Essential Learnings. Retrieved from http://www.education.gov.sk.ca/treaty-education/survey2010
Smith, M. (2001). Relevant Curricula and School Knowledge: New Horizons. In Aboriginal Education in Canada: A Study of Decolonization. (pp.77-88). Mississauga, Ontario: Canadian Educators Press.
Stanley, T. (2014). Antiracism without guarantees: A framework for rethinking racisms in schools. Critical Literacy: Theories and Practices 8(1), 4-19.
The Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC). (2016). Retrieved from www.nwac.ca/
Toensing, G. (2011). Political Party! Celebrating UNDRIP and Indigenous Culture in Montreal. Indian Country Today Media Network.com. Retrieved from http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/09/13/political-party-celebrating-undrip-and-indigenous-culture-montreal-53604
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Calls for action. Retrieved from: http://nctr.ca/reports.php
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015).
Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf
Ward, D. (2015). Indigenous versus Aboriginal, which one to use? National News. February 19, 2015. Retrieved from http://aptn.ca/news/2015/02/19/indigenous-versus-aboriginal-one-use/
Assembly of First Nations. (1988). Tradition and Education: Towards a Vision of Our Future. Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations.
Auditor General. (2000). Report of the Auditor General to the House of Commons. Chapter 4: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada – Elementary and Secondary Education. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
Barman, J., Hebert, Y, & McCaskill, D. (1986). The Legacy of the Past: An Overview. In J.Barman, Y.Hebert & D.McCaskill (Eds.). Indian Education in Canada: Volume 1: The Legacy. (Pp.1-22) Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Battiste, M. (1998). Enabling the Autumn Seed: Toward a decolonized approach to aboriginal knowledge, language, and education. Canadian Journal of Native Education 22(1), 16-27.
Battiste, M. (2004). Animating Sites of Postcolonial Education: Indigenous Knowledge and the Humanities. Plenary Address at annual conference of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, May 29. Retrieved 20 March, 2016 from http://www.usask.ca/education/people/battistem/ pdf/csse_battiste.pdf
Battiste, M. (2005). State of Aboriginal Learning. Saskatoon: Canadian Council on Learning.
Battiste, M. (2008). Animating Indigenous Knowledge in Education: From Resilience to Renaissance. Presentation at World Indigenous Peoples’ Conference on Education, Melbourne, Australia, December 7-11. Retrieved from http://www.usask.ca/education/people/battistem/WIPCE-2008-Keynote.pdf
Battiste, M. (2013). Decolonizing education: Nourishing the learning spirit. Saskatoon: Purich.
Battiste, M., & Barman, J. (1995). First Nations Education in Canada: The Circle Unfolds. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Blakeney, A. (2005). Antiracist pedagogy: definition, theory, and professional development. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy. 2(1), 119-132.
Canada. (2002). Our Children: Keepers of the Sacred Knowledge – Final Report of the Minister’s National Working Group on Education. Ottawa: Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs.
Carr-Stewart, S. (2001). A Treaty Right to Education. Canadian Journal of Education 26(2), 125-143. Retrieved 30 December 2017 from http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/education/8._2001_carr-stewart_treaty_right_to_education.pdf
Castagno, A., & Brayboy, B. (2008). Culturally responsive schooling for indigenous youth: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 941-993.
Corbiere, A. (2000). Reconciling Epistemological Orientations: Toward a Wholistic Nishaabe (Ojibwe/Odawa/Potowantomi) Education. Canadian Journal of Native Education. 24(2), 113-119.
Daschuk, J. (2013). Clearing the plains: Disease, politics of starvation and the loss of Aboriginal life. Regina: University of Regina Press.
Dei, G. (2013). Critical perspectives on indigenous research. Social Studies. 9(1), 27-38.
Doige, L. (1997). A Missing Link: Between Traditional Aboriginal Education and the Western System of Education. Canadian Journal of Native Education. 27(2), 144-160.
Donald, D. (2009). Forts, curriculum, and Indigenous Métissage: Imagining decolonization of Aboriginal-Canadian relations in educational contexts. First Nations Perspectives, 2(1), 1-24.
Faries, E., & Pashagumskum, S. (2002). A History of Quebec and Canada. Iqaluit, Nunavut: Nortext Publishing.
Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106-116.
Hampton, E. (1995). Towards a Redefinition of Indian Education. In M.Battiste & J.Barman (Eds.). First Nations Education in Canada: The Circle Unfolds. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Indigenous and Northern Affairs of Canada. (1998). Address by the Honourable Jane Stewart Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development on the occasion of the unveiling of Gathering strength – Canada`s Aboriginal Action Plan. Ottawa, Ontario. Retrieved 20 December 2016 from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015725/1100100015726
Laenui, P. (2000). Processes of Decolonization. In Battiste,
M. (Ed.). Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision, 150-160. Vancouver: UBC Press.
LeBlanc, D. (2012). Envisioning a Contemporary Indigenous Curriculum in Ontario. Public Policy & Governance Review. 3(1), 47-67. Retrieved 17 February, 2016 from https://ppgr.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/ppgr-full-text-vol3iss12.pdf
Library and Archives Canada. (2008). Introduction: The League of Indians of Canada. Retrieved 24 March, 2016 from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/008/001/008001-5000-e.php?&e=1&brws=1&st=Aboriginal%20Documentary%20Heritage:%20Historical%20Collections%20of%20the%20Canadian%20Government&ts_nbr=1&.
Longboat, D. (1987). First Nations Control of Education: The Path to our Survival as Nations. In J. Barman, Y. Hebert, & D. McCaskill (Eds.). Indian Education in Canada: Volume 2: The Challenge, 22-42. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Maina, F. (1997). Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: First Nations education in Canada. Canadian Journal of Native Education. 27(2), 293-314.
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. (1997). Gathering Strength: Canada’s Aboriginal Action Plan. Retrieved 21 March, 2016 from www.ahf.ca/downloads/gathering-strength.pdf
Office of the Premier. (2016). Ontario Implementing New Indigenous Training and Education Requirements. News release, Feb. 17, 2016. Retrieved 22 March, 2016 from https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2016/02/ontario-implementing-new-indigenous-training-and-education-requirements.html
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1975). People of Native Ancestry: A Resource Guide for the Primary and Junior Divisions. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1981). People of Native Ancestry: Curriculum Guideline for the Senior Division. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1991). Native Studies: Curriculum Guideline for the Intermediate Division. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (1991). The Ontario Curriculum Grades 9 and 10: Native Studies. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2000). The Ontario Curriculum Grades 11 and 12: Native Studies. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2013). Culturally Responsible Pedagogy (Capacity Building Series, Secretariat Special Edition #35). Retrieved from https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/literacynumeracy/inspire/research/CBS_ResponsivePedagogy.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2013). The Ontario curriculum grades 9 and 10: Canadian and World Studies.
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2015). The Ontario curriculum grades 11 and 12: Canadian and World Studies.
Part, B. (2008). Developing a Culturally Responsive School Division. Final Report. Retrieved from http://schools.spsd.sk.ca/cgtrenewal/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Developing-a-Culturally-Responsive-School-Division-final-report.doc.
Persson, D. (1986). The Changing Experience of Indian Residential Schooling: Blue Quills, 1931-1970. In J. Barman, Y. Hebert, & D. McCaskill (Eds.). Indian education in Canada: Volume 1: The Legacy. (Pp.150-168). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
Pitt, A., & Britzman, D. (2003). Speculations on qualities of difficult knowledge in teaching and learning: An experiment in psychoanalytic research. Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(6), 755–776.
Porter, J. (2015). Sterilization of indigenous women an act of genocide, new book says. CBC News. Retrieved 12 March 2016 from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/sterilization-of-indigenous-women-an-act-of-genocide-new-book-says-1.3205816
Robertson, H. (2003). In Canada: Decolonizing schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 84(7), p.552.
Saskatchewan Ministry of Education. (2009). Treaty Essential Learnings. Retrieved from http://www.education.gov.sk.ca/treaty-education/survey2010
Smith, M. (2001). Relevant Curricula and School Knowledge: New Horizons. In Aboriginal Education in Canada: A Study of Decolonization. (pp.77-88). Mississauga, Ontario: Canadian Educators Press.
Stanley, T. (2014). Antiracism without guarantees: A framework for rethinking racisms in schools. Critical Literacy: Theories and Practices 8(1), 4-19.
The Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC). (2016). Retrieved from www.nwac.ca/
Toensing, G. (2011). Political Party! Celebrating UNDRIP and Indigenous Culture in Montreal. Indian Country Today Media Network.com. Retrieved from http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/09/13/political-party-celebrating-undrip-and-indigenous-culture-montreal-53604
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Calls for action. Retrieved from: http://nctr.ca/reports.php
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015).
Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf
Ward, D. (2015). Indigenous versus Aboriginal, which one to use? National News. February 19, 2015. Retrieved from http://aptn.ca/news/2015/02/19/indigenous-versus-aboriginal-one-use/
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