Gingembre de sable vs gingembre véritable : étude de la composition de Kaempferia galanga
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18192/osurj.v5i1.7608Résumé
Le rhizome aromatique Kaempferia galanga, également connu sous le nom de gingembre de sable, est traditionnellement utilisé pour soulager la toux, l’inflammation et l’hypertension. Cette étude vise à déterminer une méthode d’extraction optimale et à établir la composition de la poudre de Kaempferia galanga disponible dans le commerce. Les efficacités d’extraction par macération à l’acétonitrile, hydrodistillation assistée par micro-ondes et extraction au CO₂ supercritique (sc-CO₂) sont comparées, en mettant l’accent sur les composés bioactifs cibles : le cinnamate d’éthyle et le p-méthoxycinnamate d’éthyle. Les résultats montrent que les principaux constituants de l’huile essentielle — le cinnamate d’éthyle, le n-pentadécane et le p-méthoxycinnamate d’éthyle — sont présents dans les extraits de poudre de gingembre de sable achetée en magasin. Les extractions par macération à l’acétonitrile et par sc-CO₂ présentent une composition similaire, avec ces trois composés principaux extraits en plus d’acides gras à longue chaîne et de terpènoïdes tels que le cyperène et le germacrène-D. En revanche, l’hydrodistillation assistée par micro-ondes, suivie d’une extraction en phase solide, a produit un profil contenant principalement du cinnamate d’éthyle et du p-méthoxycinnamate d’éthyle, avec un minimum d’impuretés co-extraites. Le traitement de 500 mL d’hydrolat par extraction en phase solide a permis d’obtenir 48,3 mg d’extrait contenant les deux principaux composés bioactifs. Les concentrations finales obtenues pour le cinnamate d’éthyle, le n-pentadécane et le p-méthoxycinnamate d’éthyle étaient respectivement de 0,43–0,45, 0,24–0,26 et 8,7–8,9 mg/g (extrait à l’acétonitrile) ; 7,1, nul, et 16,3–16,4 mg/L (hydrolat) ; et 2,9 %, 1,5 % et 92,9 % (sc-CO₂).
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