Utilisation d’Internet, indicateurs socioéconomiques et mortalité par suicide : analyse écologique
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18192/osurj.v5i1.8034Résumé
Cette étude examine les associations entre l’utilisation d’Internet, les facteurs socioéconomiques et la mortalité par suicide de 2015 à 2023, à partir des données de la Banque mondiale. L’objectif était d’évaluer comment l’accès aux technologies est lié aux indicateurs de développement social et économique, en lien avec les résultats de santé mentale à l’échelle des populations. L’analyse portait sur des données nationales concernant la pénétration d’Internet, le PIB par habitant, l’alphabétisation, les taux de mortalité par suicide, l’espérance de vie, la scolarisation, le chômage, l’accès à l’électricité et la croissance démographique. Des analyses de corrélation, des statistiques descriptives et des cartes mondiales ont permis de résumer les tendances observées, tandis que des modèles de régression linéaire hiérarchique ont ajusté progressivement les résultats pour des facteurs démographiques et socioéconomiques. Les résultats ont montré une variation importante de l’utilisation d’Internet (2,2 à 100 %) et de la mortalité par suicide (0,63 à 29,53 décès par 100 000 habitants). Les pays à revenu élevé présentaient une pénétration d’Internet plus élevée (environ 85 %) et des taux de suicide plus élevés (environ 9 à 11 décès par 100 000 habitants) que les pays à faible revenu (environ 11 % d’utilisation d’Internet; environ 6,5 décès par 100 000 habitants). L’utilisation d’Internet était fortement corrélée avec le PIB (r ≅ 0,70), l’alphabétisation (r ≅ 0,60) et l’espérance de vie (r ≅ 0,65).
Dans les modèles de régression, l’utilisation d’Internet montrait une faible association positive dans les analyses non ajustées, mais cette association devenait négative après la prise en compte des facteurs socioéconomiques (β = -0,30; IC à 95 % : -0,50 à -0,10). L’espérance de vie et la scolarisation étaient aussi associées à la mortalité par suicide.
Ces résultats indiquent que l’association écologique et transversale entre l’accès à Internet et les décès par suicide est influencée par les conditions socioéconomiques nationales. Même si les pays plus développés, qui avaient généralement un meilleur accès à Internet, étaient plus susceptibles de présenter des niveaux plus faibles de suicide après ajustement, la nature transversale des données et le devis écologique ne permettent pas d’établir un lien de causalité. Ces résultats sont également importants, car ils montrent qu’il faut tenir compte du statut socioéconomique national lorsqu’on étudie les relations entre les technologies numériques et l’état de santé des populations.
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