Transmission of Human Papillomavirus Without Sexual Contact
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v6i1.1346Keywords:
HPV, nonsexual, male, Gardasil®Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. There are four common HPV strains: 6, 11, 16, and 18. Strains 6 and 11 cause genital warts, while strains 16 and 18 are asymptomatic in males and may progress to cervical cancer in females. Although uncommon, a small percentage of males and females have been diagnosed with HPV without previous sexual contact. In this case report, we discuss a case conducted on a 15-year-old South Asian male who contracted an unknown low-risk strain of HPV with no history of sexual contact. HPV is highly infectious, however in the majority of cases the immune system is able to clear the infection, preventing the appearance of genital warts. In cases such as these, it is important to help control the spread of viral infections. Several determinants of health are involved in and affect the transmission of HPV, including income and social status, social support networks, education and literacy, culture, social and physical environments, and health services. To aid in the prevention of HPV, sexual education should be taught at early ages within schools and the Gardasil® vaccine should be administered to both females and males at an early age to reduce the burden of disease and the incidence of HPV.
References
Dell, D. L., Chen, H., Ahmad, F., & Steward, D. E. (2000). Knowledge about human papillomavirus among adolescents. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 96(5 Pt 1), 653-656. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01009-7
Grimes, R. M., Benjamins, L. J., & Williams, K. L. (2013). Counseling about the HPV vaccine: Desexualize, educate, and advocate. Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, 26(4), 243-248. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2013.04.002
Ho, G. Y., Bierman, R., Beardsley, L., Chang, C. J., & Burk, R. D. (1998). Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338(7), 423-428. doi:10.1056/NEJM199802123380703
Holcomb, B., Bailey, J. M., Crawford, K., & Ruffin, M. T. (2004). Adults’ knowledge and behaviors related to human papillomavirus infection. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 17(1), 26-31. doi:10.3122/jabfm.17.1.26
Marra, F., Ogilvie, G., Colley, L., Kliewer, E., & Marra, C. A. (2009). Epidemiology and costs associated with genital warts in Canada. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 85(2), 111-115. doi:10.1136/sti.2008.030999
National Advisory Committee on Immunization. (January, 2012). Update on human papillomavirus vaccines. Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdrrmtc/12vol38/acs-dcc-1/assets/pdf/12vol-38-acs-dcc-1-eng.pdf
Roden, R. B., Lowy, D. R., & Schiller, J. T. (1997). Papillomavirus is resistant to desiccation. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 176(4), 1076-1079. doi:10.1086/516515
Sonnex, C., Strauss, S., & Gray, J. J. (1999). Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 75(5), 317-319. doi:10.1136/sti.75.5.317
Stokley, S., Jeyarajah, J., Yankey, D., Cano, M., Gee, J., Roark, J.,…Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among adolescents, 2007-2013, and postlicensure vaccine safety monitoring, 2006-2014— United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(29), 620-624. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/
mm6329a3.htm
Strauss, S., Sastry, P., Sonnex, C., Edwards, S., & Gray, J. (2002). Contamination of environmental surfaces by genital human papillomaviruses. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 78(2), 135-138. doi:10.1136/sti.78.2.135
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. (2014). Challenges and Costs of Detection. Retrieved from hpvinfo.ca.
Waller, J., McCaffery, K., Nazroo, J., & Wardle, J. (2005). Making sense of information about HPV in cervical screening: A qualitative study. British Journal of Cancer, 92(2), 265-270. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602312
Weinstock, H., Berman, S., & Cates, W. (2004). Sexually transmitted disease among American youth: Incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 36(1), 6-10. doi:10.1363/3600604
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- All authors published in the IJHS will retain copyright of their article.
- Authors grant the IJHS the right of first publication of their submitted articles.
- All articles published in the IJHS are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share articles if original authors and journal of initial publication are acknowledged.
- The IJHS is published online and in print, therefore the journal is not responsible for any unauthorized misuse of published content in either electronic or print form
- The IJHS retains the serial distribution rights to all contents
- It is the responsibility of the authors and not the IJHS to ensure proper permissions for all cited work have been obtained