“FYI: Can Viagra Make You A Better Athlete?” Media Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v3i2.1345Keywords:
Viagra, athlete, competition, improvementAbstract
Article Source: http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-11/fyi-can-viagra-make-you-a-better-athlete
Introduction: Athletes have started taking Viagra to gain a competitive edge. Viagra’s use might be expanding into the athletic world for its alleged boost to one’s physical capability. This paper will discuss Viagra’s impact on society, its users, athletic organisations, and whether its purported performance enhancement uses are valid and safe.
Pharmacology: Viagra works by relaxing smooth muscle cells through the inhibition of PDE5, thus, increasing the bioavailability of cGMP.
Results: Subjects had a higher VO2 max and recovered faster from pulmonary hypertension when given Viagra. Other results are mixed and not well established.
Barriers: Allowing Viagra into the athletic community may cause concern from sports organisations but will conversely and unequally burden those who require Viagra for healthy sexual function.
Conclusion: These findings do not directly correlate to an improvement in athletic performance. Furthermore, taking Viagra may pose as a risk to one’s health. Viagra should only be taken upon consultation with a health care professional.
References
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Dishy, V., Sofowora, G., Harris P. A., Kandcer, M., Zhan, F., Wood A. J., & Stein, C. M. (2001). The effect of sildenafil on nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in healthy men. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 70(3), 270-279.
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Faoro, V., Lamotte, M., Deboack, G., Pavelescu, A., Huez, S., Guenard, H., ... Naeije, R. (2007). Effects of sildenafil on exercise capacity in hypoxic normal subjects. High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 8(2), 155-163. doi:10.1089/ ham.2007.1058
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Ghofrani, H., Reichenberger, F., Kohstall, M., Mrosek, E., Seeger, T., Olschewski, H., et al. (2004). Sildenafil increased exercise capacity during hypoxia at low altitudes and at Mount Everest base camp: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(3), 169-77.
Goldstein, I., Lue, T. F., Padma-Nathan, H., Rosen, R. C., Steers, W. D., Wicker, P. A., & Sildenafil Study Group. (2002). Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The Journal of Urology, 167(2), Part 2, 1197-1203.
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Lederer, D. J., Bartels, M. N., Schluger, N. W., Brogan, F., Jellen, P., Thomashow, B. M., & Kamut, S. M. (2012). Sildenafil for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized crossover trial. Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 9(3), 268-275. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.651180
Patrizi, R., Leonardo, F., Pelliccia, F., Chierchia, S. L., Galetta, P., Cerquetani, E., ... Rosano, G. M. (2001). Effect of sildenafil citrate upon myocardial ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina in therapy with beta-blockers. Italian Heart Journal: Official Journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology, 2(11), 841-844.
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Richalet, J. P., Gratadour, P., Robach, P., Pham, I., Dechaux, M., Joncquiert-Latarjet, A., ... Cornolo, J. (2005). Sildenafil inhibits altitude-induced hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory Care Medicine, 171(3), 275-281. doi:10.1164/ rccm.200406-804OC
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Snyder, E., Olson, T., Jonhson, B., & Frantz, R. (2008). Influence of sildenafil on lung diffusion during exposure to acute hypoxia at rest and during exercise in healthy humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(4), 421-430. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0735-5
Strom, B. L. (2001). Comment: Comparison of FDA reports of patient deaths associated with sildenafil and injectable alprostadil. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 35(9), 1143.
Pfizer. The history of Viagra®. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:// www.pfizerpro.com/hcp/Viagra/about-Viagra/ history-of- Viagra
Thompson, T., Red, C., O’Keefe, M., & Vinton, N. (2008, June 10). Source: Roger Clemens, host of athletes pop Viagra to help on field performance. NY Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/ baseball/yankees/ source-roger-clemens-host-athletes-pop -Viagra-onfieldperformance-article-1.171270
Tracqui, A., Miras, A., Tabib, A., Raul, J. S., Ludes, B., & Malicier, D. (2002). Fatal overdosage with sildenafil citrate (Viagra): First report and review of the literature. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 21(11), 623-629. doi: 10.1191/0960327102ht302oa
Wagner, D. (2012, November 29). They’re taking Viagra in the NFL now. The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved from http:// www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2012/11/ theyretaking-Viagra-nfl-now/59466/
Weitzenblum, E. (2003). Chronic cor pulmonale. Heart, 89 (2), 225-230.
World Anti-Doping Agency reviewing Viagra’s effects. (2008, November 23). CTV. Retrieved from http:// www.ctvnews.ca/world-anti-doping-agency-reviewing- Viagra-s-effects-1.345196
Xiong, C. M., Lu, X. L., Shen, G. L., Wu, B. X., Zhu, X. Y., Wu, G. H., ... Li, J. J. (2012). Oral sildenafil therapy for Chinese patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A multicenter study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52 (3), 425-431. doi:10.11/0091270011398241
DeBusk, R., Pepine, C., Glasser, D., Shpilsky, A., DeRiesthal, H., & Sweeney, M. (2004). Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in men with erectile dysfunction and stable coronary artery disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 93(2), 147-53. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.030
Dishy, V., Sofowora, G., Harris P. A., Kandcer, M., Zhan, F., Wood A. J., & Stein, C. M. (2001). The effect of sildenafil on nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in healthy men. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 70(3), 270-279.
Dustan Sarazan R., Crumb, W. J., Beasley, C. M., Emmick, J. T., Ferguson, K. M., Stnat, C. A., & Sausen, P. J. (2004). Absence of clinically important HERG channel blockade by three compounds that inhibit phosphodiesterase 5-sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil. European Journal of Pharmacology, 502(3), 163-167.
Faoro, V., Lamotte, M., Deboack, G., Pavelescu, A., Huez, S., Guenard, H., ... Naeije, R. (2007). Effects of sildenafil on exercise capacity in hypoxic normal subjects. High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 8(2), 155-163. doi:10.1089/ ham.2007.1058
Mitka, M. (2000). Some men who take Viagra die-why?. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(5), 590 - 593.
Ghofrani, H., Reichenberger, F., Kohstall, M., Mrosek, E., Seeger, T., Olschewski, H., et al. (2004). Sildenafil increased exercise capacity during hypoxia at low altitudes and at Mount Everest base camp: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(3), 169-77.
Goldstein, I., Lue, T. F., Padma-Nathan, H., Rosen, R. C., Steers, W. D., Wicker, P. A., & Sildenafil Study Group. (2002). Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The Journal of Urology, 167(2), Part 2, 1197-1203.
Goldenberg, M. (1998). Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Clinical Therapeutics, 20(6), 1033-1048.
Jackson, G., Betteridge, J., Dean, J., Eardly, J., Hall, R., Holdright, D., ... Sever, P. (2002). A systematic approach to erectile dysfunction in the cardiovascular patient: A consensus statement—update 2002. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 56(9), 663–671.
Jackson, G., Montorsi, P., & Cheitlin., M. D. (2006). Cardiovascular safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®): An updated perspective. Urology, 68(3), Supplement, 47-60. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.05.047
Lecher, C. 2012. FYI: Can viagra make you a better athlete? Popular Science. Retrieved from http://www.popsci.com/ science/article/2012-11/fyi-can-viagra-make-you-a-better-athlete.
Lederer, D. J., Bartels, M. N., Schluger, N. W., Brogan, F., Jellen, P., Thomashow, B. M., & Kamut, S. M. (2012). Sildenafil for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized crossover trial. Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 9(3), 268-275. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.651180
Patrizi, R., Leonardo, F., Pelliccia, F., Chierchia, S. L., Galetta, P., Cerquetani, E., ... Rosano, G. M. (2001). Effect of sildenafil citrate upon myocardial ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina in therapy with beta-blockers. Italian Heart Journal: Official Journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology, 2(11), 841-844.
Perimenis, P. (2005). Sildenafil for the treatment of altitude induced hypoxaemia. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 6(5), 835-837. doi:10.1517/14656566.6.5.835
Petroczi, A., & Naughton, D. (2010). Potentially fatal new trend in performance enhancement: A cautionary note on nitrite. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(25), 1-7. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-25
Richalet, J. P., Gratadour, P., Robach, P., Pham, I., Dechaux, M., Joncquiert-Latarjet, A., ... Cornolo, J. (2005). Sildenafil inhibits altitude-induced hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory Care Medicine, 171(3), 275-281. doi:10.1164/ rccm.200406-804OC
Rubin, L. J. (1997). Primary pulmonary hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(2), 111-117. doi:10.1056/ NEJM199701093360207
Snyder, E., Olson, T., Jonhson, B., & Frantz, R. (2008). Influence of sildenafil on lung diffusion during exposure to acute hypoxia at rest and during exercise in healthy humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(4), 421-430. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0735-5
Strom, B. L. (2001). Comment: Comparison of FDA reports of patient deaths associated with sildenafil and injectable alprostadil. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 35(9), 1143.
Pfizer. The history of Viagra®. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:// www.pfizerpro.com/hcp/Viagra/about-Viagra/ history-of- Viagra
Thompson, T., Red, C., O’Keefe, M., & Vinton, N. (2008, June 10). Source: Roger Clemens, host of athletes pop Viagra to help on field performance. NY Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/ baseball/yankees/ source-roger-clemens-host-athletes-pop -Viagra-onfieldperformance-article-1.171270
Tracqui, A., Miras, A., Tabib, A., Raul, J. S., Ludes, B., & Malicier, D. (2002). Fatal overdosage with sildenafil citrate (Viagra): First report and review of the literature. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 21(11), 623-629. doi: 10.1191/0960327102ht302oa
Wagner, D. (2012, November 29). They’re taking Viagra in the NFL now. The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved from http:// www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2012/11/ theyretaking-Viagra-nfl-now/59466/
Weitzenblum, E. (2003). Chronic cor pulmonale. Heart, 89 (2), 225-230.
World Anti-Doping Agency reviewing Viagra’s effects. (2008, November 23). CTV. Retrieved from http:// www.ctvnews.ca/world-anti-doping-agency-reviewing- Viagra-s-effects-1.345196
Xiong, C. M., Lu, X. L., Shen, G. L., Wu, B. X., Zhu, X. Y., Wu, G. H., ... Li, J. J. (2012). Oral sildenafil therapy for Chinese patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A multicenter study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52 (3), 425-431. doi:10.11/0091270011398241
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