The Hidden Costs of COVID-19 and School Closure on Children
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Published:
Aug 26, 2021
Keywords:
COVID-19, child health, education system
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References
1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Data on country response measures to COVID-19. 25 Feb 2021. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-data-response-measures-covid-19 (accessed March 1, 2021).
2. Markel H, Lipman HB, Navarro JA, Sloan A, Michalsen JR, Stern AM, et al. Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented by US cities during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. J Am Med Assoc 2007;298:644–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.6.644.
3. Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Lau EHY, Ip DKM, Ho LM, Tsang T, et al. School closure and mitigation of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:538–41. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091216.
4. CBC News. Ontario faces third wave of COVID-19 pandemic if variants aren’t controlled, modelling warns | CBC News 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-covid-modelling-update-1.5910777 (accessed March 1, 2021).
5. Dunn T. Schools should stay open even if there’s a 3rd wave of COVID-19, experts say | CBC News. CBC News 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/schools-should-stay-open-even-if-there-s-a-3rd-wave-of-covid-19-experts-say-1.5921474 (accessed March 1, 2021).
6. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP. Socioeconomic status and health: How education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health 1992;82:816–20. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.82.6.816.
7. Sattler C, Toro P, Schönknecht P, Schröder J. Cognitive activity, education and socioeconomic status as preventive factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatry Res 2012;196:90–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.012.
8. Kuhn MA. Who feels the calorie crunch and when? The impact of school meals on cyclical food insecurity. J Public Econ 2018;166:27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.08.001.
9. Dunn CG, Kenney E, Fleischhacker SE, Bleich SN. Feeding Low-Income Children during the Covid-19 Pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020;382:e40. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2005638.
10. Montenovo L, Jiang X, Rojas FL, Schmutte I, Simon K, Weinberg B, et al. Determinants of Disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses. Cambridge, MA: 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27132.
11. Earls F, Carlson M. The social ecology of child health and well-being. Annu Rev Public Health 2001;22:143–66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.143.
12. Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A, et al. Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020;59:1218-1239.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009.
13. Kofman YB, Garfin DR. Home Is Not Always a Haven: The Domestic Violence Crisis Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol Trauma Theory, Res Pract Policy 2020;12:S199. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000866.
14. Herrenkohl TI, Huang B, Tajima EA, Whitney SD. Examining the Link between Child Abuse and Youth Violence: An Analysis of Mediating Mechanisms. J Interpers Violence 2003;18:1189–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503255558.
15. Patel K. Mental health implications of COVID-19 on children with disabilities. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;54:102273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102273.
16. Murphy NA, Christian B, Caplin DA, Young PC. The health of caregivers for children with disabilities: caregiver perspectives. Child Care Health Dev 2007;33:180–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00644.x.
17. Berry I, Soucy JPR, Tuite A, Fisman D. Open access epidemiologic data and an interactive dashboard to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak in Canada. CMAJ 2020;192:E420. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.75262.
18. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in transmission-first update. 2020.
2. Markel H, Lipman HB, Navarro JA, Sloan A, Michalsen JR, Stern AM, et al. Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented by US cities during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. J Am Med Assoc 2007;298:644–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.6.644.
3. Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Lau EHY, Ip DKM, Ho LM, Tsang T, et al. School closure and mitigation of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:538–41. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091216.
4. CBC News. Ontario faces third wave of COVID-19 pandemic if variants aren’t controlled, modelling warns | CBC News 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-covid-modelling-update-1.5910777 (accessed March 1, 2021).
5. Dunn T. Schools should stay open even if there’s a 3rd wave of COVID-19, experts say | CBC News. CBC News 2021. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/schools-should-stay-open-even-if-there-s-a-3rd-wave-of-covid-19-experts-say-1.5921474 (accessed March 1, 2021).
6. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP. Socioeconomic status and health: How education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health 1992;82:816–20. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.82.6.816.
7. Sattler C, Toro P, Schönknecht P, Schröder J. Cognitive activity, education and socioeconomic status as preventive factors for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatry Res 2012;196:90–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.012.
8. Kuhn MA. Who feels the calorie crunch and when? The impact of school meals on cyclical food insecurity. J Public Econ 2018;166:27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.08.001.
9. Dunn CG, Kenney E, Fleischhacker SE, Bleich SN. Feeding Low-Income Children during the Covid-19 Pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020;382:e40. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2005638.
10. Montenovo L, Jiang X, Rojas FL, Schmutte I, Simon K, Weinberg B, et al. Determinants of Disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses. Cambridge, MA: 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27132.
11. Earls F, Carlson M. The social ecology of child health and well-being. Annu Rev Public Health 2001;22:143–66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.143.
12. Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A, et al. Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020;59:1218-1239.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009.
13. Kofman YB, Garfin DR. Home Is Not Always a Haven: The Domestic Violence Crisis Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol Trauma Theory, Res Pract Policy 2020;12:S199. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000866.
14. Herrenkohl TI, Huang B, Tajima EA, Whitney SD. Examining the Link between Child Abuse and Youth Violence: An Analysis of Mediating Mechanisms. J Interpers Violence 2003;18:1189–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503255558.
15. Patel K. Mental health implications of COVID-19 on children with disabilities. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;54:102273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102273.
16. Murphy NA, Christian B, Caplin DA, Young PC. The health of caregivers for children with disabilities: caregiver perspectives. Child Care Health Dev 2007;33:180–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00644.x.
17. Berry I, Soucy JPR, Tuite A, Fisman D. Open access epidemiologic data and an interactive dashboard to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak in Canada. CMAJ 2020;192:E420. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.75262.
18. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in transmission-first update. 2020.