Equitable Virtual Care in Canada: Addressing The Digital Divide
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Published:
Aug 26, 2021
Keywords:
Technology, health disparities, patient care
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References
1. Webster P. Virtual health care in the era of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10231):1180-1181 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30818-7
2. Portnoy J, Waller M, Elliott T. Telemedicine in the era of COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(5):1489-1491. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.008
3. Glazier RH, Green ME, Wu FC, Frymire E, Kopp A, Kiran T. Shifts in office and virtual primary care during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. CMAJ. 2021;193(6):E200-E210. doi:10.1503/cmaj.202303
4. Bhatia RS, Chu C, Pang A, Tadrous M, Stamenova V, Cram P. Virtual care use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open. 2021;9(1):E107-E114. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200311
5. Canadian Medical Association (CMA). What Canadians think about virtual health care. May 2020. Accessed March 30, 2020. https://www.cma.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/virtual-care/cma-virtual-care-public-poll-june-2020-e.pdf
6. Wosik J, Fudim M, Cameron B, et al. Telehealth transformation: COVID-19 and the rise of virtual care. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2020;27(6):957-962. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa067
7. Environics Research. Canadian Attitudes on Healthcare and Telemedicine. 2020. Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.dialogue.co/canadian-attitudes-on-healthcare-and-telemedicine.
8. Virtual Care Task Force. Canadian Medical Association, The College of Family Physicians Canada, and The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons Canada Recommendations for scaling up virtual medical services. February 2020. Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.cma.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/virtual-care/ReportoftheVirtualCareTaskForce.pdf.
9. McGrail KM, Ahuja MA, Leaver CA. Virtual visits and patient-centered Care: Results of a patient survey and observational study. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(5):e177. doi:10.2196/jmir.7374
10. Haight M, Quan-Haase A, Corbett BA. Revisiting the digital divide in Canada: The impact of demographic factors on access to the internet, level of online activity, and social networking site usage. Information, Commun Soc. 2014;7:503-519. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.891633
11. Howard PN, Busch L, Sheets P. Comparing digital divides: Internet access and social inequality in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Communication. 2020;35(1).
12. Scheerder A, Van Deursen A, Van Dijk J. Determinants of internet skills, uses and outcomes. A systematic review of the second- and third-level digital divide. Telematics and Informatics. 2017;34(8)1607-1624. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.007
13. Koch K. Infrastructure policy trends: The digital divide and the lack of broadband access during COVID-19. Sch Public Policy Publ. 2020;13. doi:10.11575/SPPP.V13I0.70382
14. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Falling through the Nets: A Survey of the “Have Nots” in Rural and Urban America. July, 1995. Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html
15. Rogers EM. The digital divide. Converg Int J Res into New Media Technol. 2001;7(4):96-111. doi:10.1177/135485650100700406
16. Hilbert M. The end justifies the definition: the manifold outlooks on the digital divide and their practical usefulness for policy-making. Telecomm Policy. 2011;35(8):715-736.
17. Choi NG, Dinitto DM. The digital divide among low-income homebound older adults: Internet use patterns, eHealth literacy, and attitudes toward computer/internet use. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(5):e2645. doi:10.2196/jmir.2645
18. McInnes DK, Li AE, Hogan TP. Opportunities for engaging low-income, vulnerable populations in health care: A systematic review of homeless persons’ access to and use of information technologies. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(SUPPL. 2). doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301623
19. Chetty K, Qigui L, Gcora N, Josie J, Wenwei L, Fang C. Bridging the digital divide: Measuring digital literacy. Econ Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal. 2018;12(2018-23):1-20.
20. Datta A, Bhatia V, Noll J, Dixit S. Bridging the digital divide: Challenges in opening the digital world to the elderly, poor, and digitally illiterate. IEEE Consum Electron Mag. 2019;8(1):78-81. doi:10.1109/MCE.2018.2867985
21. Macdonald SJ, Clayton J. Back to the future, disability and the digital divide. Disabil Soc. 2013;28(5):702-718. doi:10.1080/09687599.2012.732538
22. Tsetsi E, Rains SA. Smartphone Internet access and use: Extending the digital divide and usage gap. Mob Media Commun. 2017;5(3):239-255. doi:10.1177/2050157917708329
23. Kontos E, Blake KD, Chou WYS, Prestin A. Predictors of ehealth usage: Insights on the digital divide from the health information national trends survey 2012. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(7). doi:10.2196/jmir.3117
24. Walker DM, Hefner JL, Fareed N, Huerta TR, McAlearney AS. Exploring the digital divide: Age and race disparities in use of an inpatient portal. Telemed e-Health. 2020;26(5):603-613. doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0065
25. Khilnani A, Schulz J, Robinson L. The COVID-19 pandemic: New concerns and connections between eHealth and digital inequalities. J Information, Commun Ethics Soc. 2020;18(3):393-403. doi:10.1108/JICES-04-2020-0052
26. Gray DM, Joseph JJ, Olayiwola JN. Strategies for digital care of vulnerable patients in a COVID-19 world: Keeping in touch. JAMA Heal Forum. 2020;1(6):e200734. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0734
27. Jaffe DH, Lee L, Huynh S, Haskell TP. Health inequalities in the use of telehealth in the United States in the lens of COVID-19. Popul Health Manag. 2020;23(5):368-377. doi:10.1089/pop.2020.0186
28. Ramsetty A, Adams C. Impact of the digital divide in the age of COVID-19. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2020;27(7):1147-1148. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa078
29. Krelle H, Dodson JA, Horwitz L. Virtual primary care: Is its expansion due to COVID-19 all upside? JAMA Heal Forum. 2020;1(7):e200900. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0900
30. Eruchalu CN, Pichardo MS, Bharadwaj M, et al. The Expanding Digital Divide: Digital Health Access Inequities during the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City. J Urban Heal. 2021:1. doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00508-9
31. Martins Van Jaarsveld G. The Effects of COVID-19 Among the Elderly Population: A Case for Closing the Digital Divide. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:577427. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.577427
2. Portnoy J, Waller M, Elliott T. Telemedicine in the era of COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(5):1489-1491. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.008
3. Glazier RH, Green ME, Wu FC, Frymire E, Kopp A, Kiran T. Shifts in office and virtual primary care during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. CMAJ. 2021;193(6):E200-E210. doi:10.1503/cmaj.202303
4. Bhatia RS, Chu C, Pang A, Tadrous M, Stamenova V, Cram P. Virtual care use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open. 2021;9(1):E107-E114. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200311
5. Canadian Medical Association (CMA). What Canadians think about virtual health care. May 2020. Accessed March 30, 2020. https://www.cma.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/virtual-care/cma-virtual-care-public-poll-june-2020-e.pdf
6. Wosik J, Fudim M, Cameron B, et al. Telehealth transformation: COVID-19 and the rise of virtual care. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2020;27(6):957-962. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa067
7. Environics Research. Canadian Attitudes on Healthcare and Telemedicine. 2020. Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.dialogue.co/canadian-attitudes-on-healthcare-and-telemedicine.
8. Virtual Care Task Force. Canadian Medical Association, The College of Family Physicians Canada, and The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons Canada Recommendations for scaling up virtual medical services. February 2020. Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.cma.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/virtual-care/ReportoftheVirtualCareTaskForce.pdf.
9. McGrail KM, Ahuja MA, Leaver CA. Virtual visits and patient-centered Care: Results of a patient survey and observational study. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(5):e177. doi:10.2196/jmir.7374
10. Haight M, Quan-Haase A, Corbett BA. Revisiting the digital divide in Canada: The impact of demographic factors on access to the internet, level of online activity, and social networking site usage. Information, Commun Soc. 2014;7:503-519. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.891633
11. Howard PN, Busch L, Sheets P. Comparing digital divides: Internet access and social inequality in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Communication. 2020;35(1).
12. Scheerder A, Van Deursen A, Van Dijk J. Determinants of internet skills, uses and outcomes. A systematic review of the second- and third-level digital divide. Telematics and Informatics. 2017;34(8)1607-1624. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.007
13. Koch K. Infrastructure policy trends: The digital divide and the lack of broadband access during COVID-19. Sch Public Policy Publ. 2020;13. doi:10.11575/SPPP.V13I0.70382
14. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Falling through the Nets: A Survey of the “Have Nots” in Rural and Urban America. July, 1995. Accessed March 29, 2020. https://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html
15. Rogers EM. The digital divide. Converg Int J Res into New Media Technol. 2001;7(4):96-111. doi:10.1177/135485650100700406
16. Hilbert M. The end justifies the definition: the manifold outlooks on the digital divide and their practical usefulness for policy-making. Telecomm Policy. 2011;35(8):715-736.
17. Choi NG, Dinitto DM. The digital divide among low-income homebound older adults: Internet use patterns, eHealth literacy, and attitudes toward computer/internet use. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(5):e2645. doi:10.2196/jmir.2645
18. McInnes DK, Li AE, Hogan TP. Opportunities for engaging low-income, vulnerable populations in health care: A systematic review of homeless persons’ access to and use of information technologies. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(SUPPL. 2). doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301623
19. Chetty K, Qigui L, Gcora N, Josie J, Wenwei L, Fang C. Bridging the digital divide: Measuring digital literacy. Econ Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal. 2018;12(2018-23):1-20.
20. Datta A, Bhatia V, Noll J, Dixit S. Bridging the digital divide: Challenges in opening the digital world to the elderly, poor, and digitally illiterate. IEEE Consum Electron Mag. 2019;8(1):78-81. doi:10.1109/MCE.2018.2867985
21. Macdonald SJ, Clayton J. Back to the future, disability and the digital divide. Disabil Soc. 2013;28(5):702-718. doi:10.1080/09687599.2012.732538
22. Tsetsi E, Rains SA. Smartphone Internet access and use: Extending the digital divide and usage gap. Mob Media Commun. 2017;5(3):239-255. doi:10.1177/2050157917708329
23. Kontos E, Blake KD, Chou WYS, Prestin A. Predictors of ehealth usage: Insights on the digital divide from the health information national trends survey 2012. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(7). doi:10.2196/jmir.3117
24. Walker DM, Hefner JL, Fareed N, Huerta TR, McAlearney AS. Exploring the digital divide: Age and race disparities in use of an inpatient portal. Telemed e-Health. 2020;26(5):603-613. doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0065
25. Khilnani A, Schulz J, Robinson L. The COVID-19 pandemic: New concerns and connections between eHealth and digital inequalities. J Information, Commun Ethics Soc. 2020;18(3):393-403. doi:10.1108/JICES-04-2020-0052
26. Gray DM, Joseph JJ, Olayiwola JN. Strategies for digital care of vulnerable patients in a COVID-19 world: Keeping in touch. JAMA Heal Forum. 2020;1(6):e200734. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0734
27. Jaffe DH, Lee L, Huynh S, Haskell TP. Health inequalities in the use of telehealth in the United States in the lens of COVID-19. Popul Health Manag. 2020;23(5):368-377. doi:10.1089/pop.2020.0186
28. Ramsetty A, Adams C. Impact of the digital divide in the age of COVID-19. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2020;27(7):1147-1148. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa078
29. Krelle H, Dodson JA, Horwitz L. Virtual primary care: Is its expansion due to COVID-19 all upside? JAMA Heal Forum. 2020;1(7):e200900. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0900
30. Eruchalu CN, Pichardo MS, Bharadwaj M, et al. The Expanding Digital Divide: Digital Health Access Inequities during the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City. J Urban Heal. 2021:1. doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00508-9
31. Martins Van Jaarsveld G. The Effects of COVID-19 Among the Elderly Population: A Case for Closing the Digital Divide. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:577427. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.577427