Language, dreams, and integration: Stories from Canada’s LINC students
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18192/olbij.v14i1.6767Mots-clés :
Cours de langue pour les immigrants au Canada (CLIC), Niveaux de compétence linguistiques canadiens (NCLC), identité, investissement dans l'apprentissage, communautés imaginées, enseignement des langues, intégration des immigrantsRésumé
Cet article étudie la dynamique de l’apprentissage de la langue et de l’intégration culturelle dans le cadre du programme de Cours de langue pour les immigrants au Canada (CLIC), en se concentrant sur les expériences de trois anciens étudiants qui ont atteint le niveau 5 des Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens (NCLC) en Alberta. Par le biais d’entrevues qualitatives et de réponses à des questionnaires, cet article explore la façon dont la participation au programme CLIC a influencé leur croissance personnelle et professionnelle, les façons dont le programme les a aidés et leurs objectifs futurs au Canada. S’inspirant du cadre théorique de Norton sur l’identité, l’investissement et les communautés imaginées, la recherche met en évidence la nature multiforme de l’apprentissage des langues et ses implications pour l’adaptation et l’intégration socio-économique des immigrants. Les résultats soulignent la résilience, l’engagement et les aspirations des étudiants dans la traversée des transitions linguistiques et culturelles, contribuant ainsi à une meilleure compréhension de l’enseignement des langues et de l’intégration des immigrants dans le contexte canadien. Les recommandations comprennent la diversification des participants, l’intégration des commentaires des étudiants et l’exploration d’approches d’apprentissage mixte.
Références
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (rev. ed.). Verso.
Aldashev, A., Gernandt, J., & Thomsen, S.L. (2009). Language usage, participation, employment and earnings: Evidence for foreigners in West Germany with multiple sources of selection. Labour Economics, 16(3), 330–341.
Arkoudis, S., Hawthorne, L., Baik, C., Hawthorne, G., O’Loughlin, K., Leach, D., & Bexley, E. (2009). The impact of English language proficiency and workplace readiness on the employment outcomes of tertiary international students. Centre for the Study of Higher Education, University of Melbourne.
Beiser, M., & Hou, F. (2001). Language acquisition, unemployment and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees: A 10-year study. Social Science & Medicine, 53(10), 1321–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00412-3
Berry, J.W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–68.
Boyd, M., & Cao, X. (2009). Immigrant language proficiency, earnings, and language policies. Canadian Studies in Population, 36(1–2), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.25336/P6NP62
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2019). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks. (2012). Canadian Language Benchmarks: English as a second language for adults. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/language-benchmarks.pdf
Chiswick, B.R., & Miller, P.W. (2002). Immigrant earnings: Language skills, linguistic concentrations and the business cycle. Journal of Population Economics, 15(1), 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00003838
Chiswick, B.R., & Miller, P.W. (2003). The complementarity of language and other human capital: Immigrant earnings in Canada. Economics of Education Review, 22(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00057-1
Chuba, B.C. (2016). Perceptions of job satisfaction and over-qualification among African immigrants in Alberta, Canada [Doctoral dissertation,Walden University]. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2348
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2011). Evaluation of the Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) Program. Evaluation Division. https://bit.ly/CIC-2011-Evaluation-language-Instruction-newcomers
Creswell, J.W., & Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research design (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Cummins, J. (2006). Identity texts: The imaginative construction of self through multiliteracies pedagogy. In O. Garcia, T. Skutnabb-Kangas, & M. Torres-Guman (Eds.), Imagining multilingual schools: Languages in education and glocalization (pp. 51–68). Multilingual Matters.
Darvin, R., & Norton, B. (2015). Identity and a model of investment in applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35, 36–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190514000191
Dewaele, J.M., & MacIntyre, P.D. (2014). The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237–274.
Dörnyei, Z. (2009). Motivation, language identities and the L2 self: Future research directions. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 350–356). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-019
Dustmann, C., & Fabbri, F. (2003). Language proficiency and labour market performance of immigrants in the UK. The Economic Journal, 113(489), 695–717. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.t01-1-00151
Duff, P. (2012). Identity, agency, and SLA. In A. Mackey & S. Gass (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 410–426). Routledge.
Feuer, A. (2008). Who does this language belong to? Personal narratives of language claim and identity. Information Age Publishing.
Huot, S., Cao, A., Kim, J., Shajari, M., & Zimonjic, T. (2020). The power of language: Exploring the relationship between linguistic capital and occupation for immigrants to Canada. Journal of Occupational Science, 27(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2018.1534136
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2013). Backgrounder—Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) Program. https://bit.ly/IRCC-2013-Backgrounder-language-Inst-Newcomers
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2023). Language training adapted for newcomers in Francophone minorities funding guidelines. Government of Canada. https://bit.ly/IRCC_2023-Language-Training-newcomers
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2024a). Notice. Supplementary information for the 2025–2027 immigration levels plan. Government of Canada. https://bit.ly/IRCC-2024-suppl-immigration-levels
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. (2024b). Settlement program. Terms and conditions. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. https://bit.ly/SettlementProgram-Canada
Kaushik, V., & Drolet, J. (2018). Settlement and integration needs of skilled immigrants in Canada. Social Sciences, 7(5), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7050076
Kramsch, C.J. (2013). Afterword. In B.|Norton, Identity and language learning: Extending the conversation (2nd ed., pp. 192–201). Multilingual Matters.
Lanphier, M., & Lukomskyj, O. (1994). Settlement policy in Australia and Canada. In H. Adelman, A. Borowski, M. Burstein, & L.Foster (Eds.), Immigration and refugee policy (pp. 337–371). University of Toronto Press.
Miller, E., & Kubota, R. (2013). Second language identity construction. In J. Herschensohn &M. Young-Scholten (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 230–250). Cambridge University Press.
Murray, G., Gao, X.A., & Lamb, T. (Eds.). (2011). Identity, motivation and autonomy in language learning. Multilingual Matters.
North, B., & Piccardo, E. (2018). Aligning the Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB) and the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) [Research report]. Centre of Canadian Language Benchmarks. https://www.language.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Aligning-the-CLB-and-CEFR.pdf
Norton, B. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29(1), 9–31.
Norton, B. (2001). Non-participation, imagined communities and the language classroom. In M. Breen (Ed.), Learner contributions to language learning: New directions in research (pp. 159–171). Pearson Education.
Norton, B. (2013). Identity and language learning: Extending the conversation (2nd ed.). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783090563
Norton, B., & Toohey, K. (2011). Identity, language learning, and social change. Language Teaching, 44(4), 412–446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000309
Oakes, L., & Peled, Y. (2017). Linguistic citizenship: Identity, integration and interculturalism. In Normative language policy: Ethics, politics, principles (pp. 75–103). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316534267.004
Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisitionx. Routledge.
Pavlenko, A. (2003). “I never knew I was a bilingual”: Reimagining teacher identities in TESOL. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 2(4), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327701JLIE0204_2
Picot, G. (2008). Immigrant economic and social outcomes in Canada: Research and data development at Statistics Canada. (Analytical Studies Branch, Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, 319). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2008319-eng.pdf?st=1yQx0s11
Ricento, T., Cervatiuc, A., MacMillan, F., & Masoodi, S. (2008). Insights into funded ESL programs: Report on the LINC program. Faculty of Education, University of Calgary, Canada.
Satzewich, V., & Liodakis, N. (2017). “Race” and ethnicity in Canada: A critical introduction (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Schomburg, H. (2003). Handbook for graduate tracer studies. Centre for Research on Higher Education and Work, University of Kassel
Statistics Canada. (2024). New historical data tables on immigration and official languages. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240123/dq240123c-eng.htm
Swain, M., & Deters, P. (2007). “New” mainstream SLA theory: Expanded and enriched. The Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), 820–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00671.x
Ushioda, E. (2017). Context and complex dynamic systems theory. In Z. Dörnyei & P.D.MacIntyre (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 95–106). Multilingual Matters.
Verkuyten, M. (2005). The social psychology of ethnic identity. Psychology Press.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Xu, L., & Hou, F. (2023). Official language proficiency and immigrant labour market outcomes: Evidence from test-based multidimensional measures of language skills. economic and Social Reports, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202300100002-eng
Zuengler, J.,&Miller, E. (2006). Cognitive and sociocultural perspectives: Two parallel SLA worlds? TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), pp. 35–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264510
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Albert Maganaka 2025

Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
Les auteurs qui publient avec Les Cahiers de l'ILOB acceptent les termes suivants:
- Les auteurs conservent le droit d'auteur et accordent à la revue le droit de première publication, l'ouvrage étant alors disponible simultanément, sous la licence Licence d’attribution Creative Commons permettant à d'autres de partager l'ouvrage tout en en reconnaissant la paternité et la publication initiale dans cette revue.
- Les auteurs peuvent conclure des ententes contractuelles additionnelles et séparées pour la diffusion non exclusive de la version imprimée de l'ouvrage par la revue (par ex., le dépôt institutionnel ou la publication dans un livre), accompagné d'une mention reconnaissant sa publication initiale dans cette revue.
- Les auteurs ne soumettront pas simultanément le même travail pour publication à plus d’une revue spécialisée à la fois.