Pedagogy of care in intercultural approaches to languages education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18192/olbij.v14i1.6763Keywords:
intercultural mediation, ethics of care, intercultural competence, pedagogy of care, COVID-19Abstract
Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic revealed in new ways the vulnerabilities of students’ sense of self, especially in the contexts of intercultural orientations to language education where critical self-reflection can be disorienting for learners. We propose a pedagogy of care to manage such decentering, aiding the formation of caring communities of practice and development of student flourishing. Our data derives from a teacher education course on intercultural orientations to language education and mediation, taught virtually in 2020. We analysed email exchanges between the professor and students and transcribed Zoom class sessions to examine the instructor’s pedagogy based on Noddings’s ethics of care. We identify six components within the instructor’s pedagogy: relationship; motivational displacement; person in context; flexibility; engrossment; mentality of care. Students’ expressions of reciprocity suggest possibilities for their own adoption of care and flourishing. We propose that a caring and compassionate approach to pedagogy can be instrumental in mediating a space where students might develop not only intercultural competencies but also a positionality of care.
References
Bokhorst-Heng, W.D., & Marshall, K.L. (2022). “I want to be bilingual!” Contested imaginings of bilingualism in New Brunswick, Canada. In N. Slavkov, S.M. Melo- Pfeifer, & N. Kerschhofer-Puhalo (Eds.), The changing face of the “native speaker”: Perspectives from multilingualism and globalization (pp. 285–314). Mouton DeGruyter.
Bokhorst-Heng, W.D., & Marshall, K. (2024). “Being bilingual will open doors for them”: Ideologies informing French immersion educators’ perspectives on bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism, 28(4), 668–684. https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069241236702
Busch, D. (Ed.). (2023). The Routledge handbook of intercultural mediation. Routledge.
Byram, M. (2021). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence revisited (2nd ed.). Multilingual Matters.
Cassidy, W., & Bates, A. (2005). “Drop-outs” and “push-outs”: Finding hope in a school that actualizes the ethic of care. American Journal of Education, 112(1), 66–102. https://doi.org/10.1086/444524
Daigle, J. (1993). L’Acadie de 1604–1763, synthése historique. In J. Daigle (Ed.), L’Acadie des Maritimes (pp. 1–43). Chaire d’études acadiennes.
Eizadirad, A., & Sider, S. (2021). Pedagogy of visibilizing pain and suffering: A commentary on the special issue. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 15(4), 221–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2021.1961510
Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M.B. Ramos, Trans.). Continuum. (Original work published 1970).
Heller, M. (1999). Heated language in a cold climate. In J. Blommaert (Ed.), Language ideological debates (pp. 143–170). Mouton de Gruyter.
Hoagland, S.L. (1991). Some thoughts about caring. In C. Card (Ed.), Feminist ethics (pp. 246–263). University Press of Kansas.
Johannesen, R.L. (2000). Nel Nodding’s uses of Martin Buber’s philosophy of dialogue. Southern Communication Journal, 65(2–3), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417940009373164
Keating Marshall, K., & Bokhorst-Heng, W.D. (2018). “I wouldn’t want to impose!” Intercultural mediation in French immersion. Foreign Language Annals, 51(2), 290–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12340
Kohler, M. (2015). Teachers as mediators in the foreign language classroom. Multilingual Matters.
Kramsch, C. (2009). The multilingual subject: What foreign language learners say about their experience and why it matters. Oxford University Press.
Levine, G. (2020). A human ecological language pedagogy. The Modern Language Journal, 104(S1). https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12550
Liddicoat, A., & Scarino, A. (2013). Intercultural language teaching and learning. Wiley-Blackwell.
Marshall, K.L. (forthcoming). Caring pedagogy and supervision in times of crisis and tragedy. Second Language Research & Practice.
Marshall, K.L., & Bokhorst-Heng, W.D. (2020a). Canadian immersion students’ investment in French. The Modern Language Journal, 104(3), 601–617. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/modl.12663
Marshall, K.L., & Bokhorst-Heng, W.D. (2020b). Language ideological debates and intercultural learning in French immersion education. Canadian Modern Language Review, 76(3), 175–193. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-2019-0285
McLeod, C. (2021). Trust. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2021 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/trust/
Noddings, N. (1984). Caring: A relational approach to ethics and moral education (2nd ed). University of California Press.
Noddings, N. (2012). The caring relation in teaching. Oxford Review of Education, 38(6), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2012.745047
Noddings, N. (2016). Philosophy of education (4th ed.). Westview Press.
Nussbaum, M.C. (2011). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Harvard University Press.
Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick. (n.d.). Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick. https://officiallanguages.nb.ca
Perrot, M.-È. (1995). Aspects fondamentaux du métissage français/anglais dans le chiac de Moncton (Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris III, Paris, France.
Rabin, C. (2013). Care through authenticity: Teacher preparation for an ethic of care in an age of accountability. The Educational Forum, 77(3), 242–255.
Rabin, C. (2021). Care ethics in online teaching. Studying Teacher Education, 17(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425964.2021.1902801
Reed, C.D. (2018). Critical pedagogy and the ethics of care: How values affect the classroom dynamic. [Master’s thesis, Missouri State University]. BearWorks. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3325
Rose, E., & Adams, C. (2014). “Will I ever connect with the students?” Online teaching and the pedagogy of care. Phenomenology & Practice, 8(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.7939/R3CJ8803K
Ruíz, R. (1984). Orientations in language planning. NABE Journal, 8(2), 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/08855072.1984.10668464
Sen, A. (1992). Inequality reexamined. Harvard University Press.
Sillcox, C. (2022). Implication of COVID-19 on post-secondary students’ mental health: A review. Narrative Review, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v20i2.922
Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
Stanley, D. (1984). Louis Robichaud: A decade of power. Nimbus Publishing.
Statistics Canada. (2016). Census of population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98– 400–X2016056. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index-eng.cfm
Thériault, L. (1982). Historical synthesis, 1763–1978. In J. Daigle (Ed.), Acadians of the Maritimes (pp. 47–86). Centre d’études acadiennes.
van Dijke, J., van Nistelrooij, I., Bos, P., & Duyndam, J. (2023). Engaging otherness: Care ethics radical perspectives on empathy. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 26(3), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10152-0
Van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language learning: A sociocultural perspective. Kluwer Boston.
Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Kelle L. Marshall, Wendy D. Bokhorst-Heng

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with OLBI Journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the OLBI Journal (OLBIJ) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in the OLBIJ.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the OLBIJ's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in the OLBIJ.
- Authors will not simultaneously submit the same piece of work for possible publication to more than one academic journal at a time.