Getting to 2020: A Clinical Review of the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Trachoma
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Published:
Jun 27, 2017
Keywords:
Opthalmology, Infectious Disease, Trachoma
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objectives: 1) to undertake a review of the literature to provide information to clinicians and trainees about the epidemiology, treatment and most importantly, prevention, of trachoma - the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. 2) To highlight the diagnosis and treatment of this preventable infectious eye disease for trainees and to evaluate the efficacy of the SAFE treatment and prevention strategy endorsed by the WHO as the target trachoma elimination year of 2020 nears.
Methods: A review of the literature was undertaken. PubMED, Clinical Key, UpToDate and Google Scholar databases were searched using the following MeSH terms and keywords: trachoma, infectious eye disease, chlamydia trachomatis, SAFE, community prevention.
Results: The diagnosis of trachoma is typically clinical and is made by identifying the signs of conjunctival inflammation and scarring, trichiasis and corneal opacification in the context of a trachoma-endemic region. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of the WHO’s SAFE (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial Cleanliness, Environmental change) treatment and prevention strategy, the implementation of which has been associated with declining rates of trachoma worldwide.
Article Details
Section
Review & Clinical Practice
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References
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12. World Health Organization. Trachoma Grading Card. Prevention of Blind-ness and Deafness. 2013. Available from http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/.
13. Emerson P, Bailey R, Mahdi O, Walraven G, Lindsay S. Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(1), 28-32.
14. Burton M, Bowman R, Faal H, et al. Long term outcome of trichiasis surgery in the Gambia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(5):575-9.
15. Reacher M, Foster A, Huber J. Surgical procedure. In: Reacher M, Foster A, Huber J, eds. Trichiasis surgery for trachoma: the bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure. World Health Organization: Geneva. 1998.
16. Bowman R, Faal H, Jatta B, et al. Longitudinal study of trachomatous trichiasis in The Gambia: barriers to acceptance of surgery. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2002;43(4):936-40.
17. Bowman R, Soma OS, Alexander N, et al. Should trichiasis surgery be offered in the village? A community randomised trial of village vs. health centre-based surgery. Trop Med Intl Health. 2002;5(8):528–33.
18. Solomon A, Holland M, Alexander N, et al. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351(19):1962-71.
19. Bailey R, Arullendran P, Whittle H, Mabey D. Randomized controlled trial of single-dose azithromycin in treatment of trachoma. Lancet. 1993;342(8869):453-6.
20. Hong K, Schacter J, Moncada J, Zhou Z, House J, Lietman T. Lack of macro-lide resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis after mass azithromycin distributions for trachoma. Emer Infect Dis. 2009;15(7):1088-90.
21. Bailey R, Lietman T. The SAFE strategy for the elimination of trachoma by 2020: Will it work? Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(3):233-6.
22. Sutter EE, Ballard RC. Community participation in the control of trachoma in Gazankulu. Soc Sci Med. 1983;17(22):1813-7.
23. Stocks M, Ogden S, Haddad D. Effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on the prevention of trachoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLos Medicine. 2014;11(2): e1001605.
24. Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC. Review of the evidence for the F and E components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5(8):515-27.
25. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9415):1093-8.
26. Solomon A, Zondervan M, Kuper H, et al. Intervention. In: World Health Organization: Trachoma control: A guide for programme managers. 2006. 17-40.
27. International Coalition for Trachoma Control. The end in sight: 2020 Insight. 2011. 13-27p.
2. Hu V, Holland M, Burton M. Trachoma: Protective and Pathogenic Ocular Immune Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(2):2020.
3. Hu V, Harding-Esch E, Burton M, et al. Epidemiology and control of trachoma: systematic review. Trop Med Int Hlth. 2010;15(1):673-91.
4. World Health Organization. Report of the thirteenth meeting of the WHO alliance for the elimination of blinding trachoma. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2-18p.
5. Bailey R, Duong T, Carpenter B, Whittle H, Mabey D. The duration of hu-man ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection is age dependent. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;123(3):479-86.
6. King J, Ngondi J, Gatpan G, Lopidia B, Becknell S, Emerson P. The burden of trachoma in Ayod county of southern Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(9):e299.
7. Kuper H, Solomon A, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, Mabey D. A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(6):372-81.
8. West S, Congdon N, Mele L. Facial cleanliness and risk of trachoma in families. Arch Ophthal. 1991;109(6):855-7.
9. West S, Muñoz B, Lynch M, et al. Impact of face-washing on trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania. Lancet. 1998;345(8943):155-8.
10. West S, Emerson P, Mkocha H, et al. Intensive insecticide spraying for fly control after mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma in a hyperendemic setting: a randomized trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9535):596-600.
11. Emerson P, Lindsay S, Walraven G, et al. Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea. Lancet. 1998;353(9162):1401-3.
12. World Health Organization. Trachoma Grading Card. Prevention of Blind-ness and Deafness. 2013. Available from http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/trachoma_documents/en/.
13. Emerson P, Bailey R, Mahdi O, Walraven G, Lindsay S. Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(1), 28-32.
14. Burton M, Bowman R, Faal H, et al. Long term outcome of trichiasis surgery in the Gambia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(5):575-9.
15. Reacher M, Foster A, Huber J. Surgical procedure. In: Reacher M, Foster A, Huber J, eds. Trichiasis surgery for trachoma: the bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure. World Health Organization: Geneva. 1998.
16. Bowman R, Faal H, Jatta B, et al. Longitudinal study of trachomatous trichiasis in The Gambia: barriers to acceptance of surgery. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2002;43(4):936-40.
17. Bowman R, Soma OS, Alexander N, et al. Should trichiasis surgery be offered in the village? A community randomised trial of village vs. health centre-based surgery. Trop Med Intl Health. 2002;5(8):528–33.
18. Solomon A, Holland M, Alexander N, et al. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351(19):1962-71.
19. Bailey R, Arullendran P, Whittle H, Mabey D. Randomized controlled trial of single-dose azithromycin in treatment of trachoma. Lancet. 1993;342(8869):453-6.
20. Hong K, Schacter J, Moncada J, Zhou Z, House J, Lietman T. Lack of macro-lide resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis after mass azithromycin distributions for trachoma. Emer Infect Dis. 2009;15(7):1088-90.
21. Bailey R, Lietman T. The SAFE strategy for the elimination of trachoma by 2020: Will it work? Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(3):233-6.
22. Sutter EE, Ballard RC. Community participation in the control of trachoma in Gazankulu. Soc Sci Med. 1983;17(22):1813-7.
23. Stocks M, Ogden S, Haddad D. Effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on the prevention of trachoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLos Medicine. 2014;11(2): e1001605.
24. Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC. Review of the evidence for the F and E components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5(8):515-27.
25. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9415):1093-8.
26. Solomon A, Zondervan M, Kuper H, et al. Intervention. In: World Health Organization: Trachoma control: A guide for programme managers. 2006. 17-40.
27. International Coalition for Trachoma Control. The end in sight: 2020 Insight. 2011. 13-27p.