住房体系承压：加拿大与中国的比较视角

作者

  • Benjamin Gianni Carleton University

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https://doi.org/10.18192/cdibp.v1i2.7802

关键词:

Housing affordability, Housing systems, Canada–China comparison, Urban housing policy , Supply and demand imbalance

摘要

本文探讨了两种截然不同的住房体系——以市场为主导的加拿大模式与以国家协调为核心的中国模式——尽管制度背景不同，却都面临日益加剧的压力。基于2024年的一次国际研讨会，文章将住房视为一个复杂的结构性系统，而不仅仅是市场商品，该系统受到治理模式、土地政策、人口变化和社会预期的共同影响。

在加拿大，住房体系高度依赖私人市场，政府主要通过监管和激励措施进行干预，而非直接建设。该模式曾长期有效，但如今其应对能力正在减弱。快速的城市人口增长与供给限制（如严格的分区制度、审批周期长、劳动力短缺和建设成本上升）之间的矛盾，导致持续的住房短缺和价格上涨。

住房负担能力已成为全国性危机。土地价格、利率和开发费用的上涨进一步加剧了问题。文章指出，加拿大并不存在真正意义上的“可负担住房产品”，其可负担性通常依赖补贴。这一问题在租赁市场尤为明显，需求增长迅速，但市场难以提供价格可承受的供应。

城市密度提升政策虽有助于可持续发展，但也带来了低收入群体被迫迁移的问题。同时，加拿大出现了结构性矛盾：整体住房短缺与某些细分市场（如公寓）的过剩并存。住房拥有率下降加剧了社会不平等，而无家可归问题日益严重。

相比之下，中国的住房体系经历了从福利分配向市场化的重大转型。这一转型显著提高了住房供给和住房拥有率。在国家对土地的控制和集中规划的支持下，中国能够提前满足城市化需求。

然而，这一模式也带来了新的风险，例如开发商高负债和部分城市住房过剩。近年来的政策调整暴露了这些问题，导致项目停滞和市场信心下降。

中国政府通过加强干预来应对，包括将未售住房转为保障性住房，并推动租赁市场发展。同时，人口老龄化和流动人口问题也对住房政策提出新的挑战。

比较分析表明，尽管制度差异显著，两国都面临相似的核心问题：住房负担能力、供需错配以及住房不稳定带来的社会影响。然而，不同的制度结构决定了政策工具和实施速度的差异。

文章最后指出，没有任何单一模式是完美的。住房应被视为一个复杂系统，需要长期、协调的政策应对。加拿大可以加强国家层面的协调能力，而中国则可借鉴加拿大在租户保护和社区住房方面的经验。持续的国际对话对于完善住房政策至关重要。

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已出版

2026-05-05

期

卷 1 编号 2 (2026): 第二期

栏目

Full-Length Article

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